Wednesday, December 18, 2019

Human Behavior Simulation For Complex Scenarios Involving...

Modeling and simulation as a body of knowledge provide a basis to build and execute approximations of a real world system. Being termed as an efficient decision support system, modeling and simulation is able to understand and provide better solutions to the problems in various domains. It is also capable to predict and plan the future, mitigate risks, enhance the system performance and so on. Primarily, this modeling and simulation has emerged beyond manual methods of construction and execution of models to computer based tools. Besides this, most of the ecological economics depend on the human behavior. The aim of this paper is to improve the human behavior simulation with the help of research ideas from psychology to influence various aspects of system design. The accurate simulation of human behavior is applicable in different areas such as films, architecture, gaming and so on. The human behavior models are strongly dependent on scenario evolution and decisions. This paper also focuses in developing a scenario and realistic case study to be applied in the human behavior simulation for complex scenarios involving coalition operations. To accomplish this purpose it the intelligent agents are used for initiating interactions among local population, groups, forces. The presented modeling approach considers the complex interactions among many variables and resulting effects of the decisions. The Modeling and Simulation is a consolidated technique for addressing complexShow MoreRelatedCompetency Mapping Retail Sector5647 Words   |  23 Pagesorganization * Assessing the current performance and future development needs of persons holding jobs and roles REASON TO CHOOSE THIS PARTICULAR TOPIC: Over the past 10 years, human resource and organizational development professionals have generated a lot of interest in the notion of competencies as a key element and measure of human performance. 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Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico City Sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo Editorial Director: Sally Yagan Director of Editorial Services:Read MoreArticle: Performance Appraisal and Performance Management35812 Words   |  144 Pagesappraisal of employee’s performance is not sufficient. Employee’s contribution should be aligned with organizational objectives and strategy. Performance management eliminates the shortcomings of performance appraisal system to the some extent. Keywords: Human resource (HR), HR development, performance appraisal, performance management, performance evaluation. I. INTRODUCTION Organizations are run and steered by people. It is through people that goals are set and objectives are realized. The performance

Tuesday, December 10, 2019

World Business Council Sustainable Development

Question: Discuss about the World Business Council for Sustainable Development. Answer: Introduction: Climate change is a global issue that has a negative impact on the world. Hence, it needs to be addressed in future in a proper way. There are several factors that is causing climate change. These issues need to be addressed. The burning of oil, coal, natural gas and others needs to be stopped as this is a major reason of climate change. People all over the world need to be efficient and fully aware of the negative impact of climate change. This awareness will restrict them doing things that are causing climate change. The unnecessary cutting down of the trees needs to be stopped as trees can eradicate climate change. Most importantly, people should focus on using alternative pollution free resources in order to stop climate change. These are the ways by which the issue of climate change can be addressed. The businesses have a significant role to play in the climate change. The businesses should use renewable energy in their business operations, as they are not harmful for the environment. In addition, the businesses should deploy innovative low carbon technologies as a solution of climate change. The businesses all over the world should implement various sustainable strategies in order to fight with the growing issue of climate change (wbcsd.org, 2017). Other stakeholders of the businesses need to step up to fight the issue of climate change. The government should introduce various environmental rules and regulations that will force the people and business to adopt eco-friendly business strategies. The consumers need to be well aware about the negative effects of climate change. They should not use plastic bags, oil, gases and others. The investors need to invest their money in different kinds of eco-friendly business projects. In this, way, they can promote the awareness of climate change (wwf.org.uk, 2017). In this regard, the main aim of the NGOs is to make the world aware about the negative effects of climate change. In addition, they need to show the world the ways to eradicate the effects of climate change (atlantic-community.org, 2017). The above discussion shows the various ways to stop climate change. However, many obstacles are there in those ways. Few companies all over the world are using renewable energies for their business operations. On the other hand, it can be seen that the governments are not introducing enough strict regulations and policies to stop climate change. One of the major obstacles is the lack of awareness about climate change in the people of all over the world. These are the main obstacles (climatepolicyinfohub.eu, 2017). However, there are ways to overcome these obstacles. The businesses all over the world need to emphasize on the use of renewable energies. In this regard, the governments should employ strict environmental policies that the companies must follow. Mass awareness is the main way to diminish the obstacles. People all over the world must know the negative impact of climate change on their families and future generation. In this regard, the government and various NGOs should take the responsibilities to make them know the negative effects of climate change (climatepolicyinfohub.eu, 2017). References Climate Change Adaptation: Needs, Barriers and Limits | Climate Policy Info Hub. (2017).Climatepolicyinfohub.eu. Retrieved 31 March 2017, from https://climatepolicyinfohub.eu/climate-change-adaptation-needs-barriers-and-limits Tackling climate change: investors can play a key role. (2017).WWF. Retrieved 31 March 2017, from https://www.wwf.org.uk/updates/tackling-climate-change-investors-can-play-key-role The role of business in climate change. (2017).World business council for sustainable development. Retrieved 31 March 2017, from https://www.wbcsd.org/Overview/News-Insights/Insights-from-the-President/The-role-of-business-in-climate-change The Role of NGOs in Effectively Addressing Climate Change - Your Opinion - Atlantic Community. (2017).Atlantic-community.org. Retrieved 31 March 2017, from https://www.atlantic-community.org/-/the-role-of-ngos-in-effectively-addressing-climate-change

Tuesday, December 3, 2019

Muslim in America free essay sample

In the article Muslim in America authors Jeffrey Sheler and Michael Betzold describe the hardships of being a Muslim in modern American society, they also give us in depth look at the normality of these American citizens and how they do not differ from any other ethnic group, how they yearn for acceptance, and how theyre adapting to American life. Muslims feel very much at home in Middle America(655). As a Muslim who has grown up in America I related to this article on so many levels. Even though racism exists and the world is full of ignorant people, you cant never truly grasp the idea until youre a victim of it. Around the time of the September 11 attacks, I went to the mall with my aunt who was wearing a hijab or a traditional Islamic covering. Every store we walked into the reactions were the same and the customer service horrible. We will write a custom essay sample on Muslim in America or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Store clerks would just turn away instead of greeting or welcoming us to the store, you could see the discomfort and revulsion on their faces as they checked us out. This truly sadden me, and showedme how hateful and ignorant people were. In a post 911 world being a Muslim in America has proven to be extremely difficult. Islam has been present in North America for a very long time; however it still remained an unfamiliar to most Americans. The attacks on the World Trade Centers on September 11 shed a gloomy light to this misunderstood and unknown religion. The tragic events of September 11 had a deep impact on most Americans. We mourn for the 3,000 innocent lives that were lost, we were shocked by the cruelty of mankind and most importantly we were surprised that religion was the justification for these heinous acts. There are 1. 2 billion Muslims in the world, and the group of radicals that committed those acts did not represent all of those people. However, people were angry, confused, and were looking for answers; so innocent Americans became scapegoats for simply sharing the same faith as the attackers. Most American Muslims have assimilated to American society pretty well. Most American Muslims are hardworking, law abiding, middle class citizens. The seven million Americans who call America home are very diverse. Coming from 22 different nationalities, and 1/3 being of African American descent (656). From Dearborn, Michigan to the culturally diverse New York City, discrimination against Muslims, vandalizing of Muslim shops, even bomb threats of mosques were reported. It seemed as though we were treating hatred with hatred, instead of calling for an understanding people were lashing out against this religion, and everything it stood for. You cannot fight fire with fire, and understanding is c rucial in the world today. Communication is the main component in understanding each other. In a country as diverse as ours, being familiar with different religions, and cultures is extremely important. At the end of the day, no matter who or where we worship we all have the same goal to live in a peaceful world, and achieving the harmonic dream requires a collective effort. We must eradicate racism, and talk openly about our ignorance and continue to learn from each other, in order to create a more pleasant world for this generation and the generations to come.

Wednesday, November 27, 2019

Gender Anthropology

Gender Anthropology Introduction Biology explains the differences between men and women through their sex (biological classification). This is usually possible as women and men have different sexual organs and the disparity in the sexual organs of men and women explains the differences in both sexes. There are also individuals who have both the male and the female sex organs and they are referred to as hermaphrodites as they are neither males nor females. They usually possess a combination of both female and male traits even in their day to day lives.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Gender Anthropology specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Culture tries to explain what it really means to be a woman or a man in a certain community since different communities have different cultures. The term gender has been coined up over time to try and explain culturally constructed roles of women and men in a certain community. The presence of infants furt her contradicts the explanation of what gender is as children also have roles they are supposed to play in the society. Gender is dynamic and varies across different cultures of human societies. All these descriptions of what it means to be a woman or a man in a certain specific society changes over time and interactions with the environment are very important in this process, as right from childhood through middle age up to old age, gender roles keep on changing (Brettell Sargent, 2009). Perspectives to gender The exponential growth in technology leading to globalization has helped in exposing a bigger platform for the discussion of the critical factors that explain masculinity or femininity of individuals in the society, whether they are products of nature or culture. This has been possible as globalization has exposed diverse cultures to each other thus enabling cultural interactions beyond territorial borders. In most of the developed societies, they attribute sex to either mas culinity or femininity thus, they have constructed societal expectations of either a woman or a man mostly based on the tasks, duties and responsibilities expected of them to perform in that specific society, which is usually guided by the culture of that society. Despite this assertion, there has been a variation of masculine and feminine traits across cultures in different parts of the world. Infants at their tender age do not have expected cultural roles despite them either being males or females though they acquire them as they graduate from boyhood to manhood and as girls graduate to womanhood. Infants are not able to depict their masculinity or femininity; rather, they seem neutral individuals in the society (Counihan, 1999). The reliance of kids at early age to their parents, their optical, social capabilities and activity level cannot be adequately used in distinguishing their masculinity or femininity. Rather, these characteristics become more manifested in later developmen t stages of life, thus indicating the important role the environment plays in shaping and defining masculinity or femininity of an individual in a society.Advertising Looking for essay on anthropology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More If the biological sex of an individual determines their gender, then, it could be a very big distinction between infants of either sex. However, this is not the case as toddlers do not depict knowledge of whether they should be masculine or feminine. More so, there is no biological reason or structural evidence as to why they should be so. The terms sex and gender have been used as if they are synonyms despite there being a very big distinction between the two terms. Sex is the biological classification of a man or a woman whereas gender is the societal and cultural constructions of what it means to be a woman or a man in the community or society in question. Sex is a natural constructio n of individuals being of either male or female sex whereas gender is cultural construction of masculinity or femininity (Brettell Sargent, 2009), thus, the term gender is a product of culture and not of nature. Evidence that gender is a product of nature and culture In trying to show that gender is a cultural construction and that it is dynamic, Brettell and Sargent (2009) explored the situation in the United States of America and discovered that for a long time, it was taken that men were equal to masculinity and that women were equal to femininity. Women were considered to be the weaker sex that required protection from men. This made women to be kept away from combat as they were also considered to be sources of human reproduction that is critical for the survival of society. Women were viewed as symbols of femininity and childbearing. Human females are naturally expected to be the child bearers and care takers. However, this assertion has generated criticisms from scholars in the contemporary times who challenge its validity. The task of cooking and food preparation has also been taken to be a feminine task and thus, more often than not assigned to women while men are taken or considered to be the caretakers of their families in terms of them being their families’ breadwinners. On the other hand, men are thought to be more rational, critical thinkers and independent beings, capable of undertaking their activities without reliance on anyone.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Gender Anthropology specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More They are thought to be stronger and better than women both bodily and in their intellect. They are not expected to be hyper active in household chores such as bringing up of the children. As such, the parenting roles of men should be distinguished from those of women. The division and specialization of labor for men and women traditionally is done such that wom en engage in unpaid household chores while men take up the paid up work. Mothers are presumed to be the home laborers while husbands are expected to provide for the household through paid labor performed in the labor market. The roles and expectations that are linked with these discrepancies assist in construction and definition of gender roles despite the contemporary state of employment of both men and women outside their households. In trying to prove that nature has an upper hand in definition of a man and that of a woman, Brettell and Sargent (2009) terms gender roles for women and men as natural behaviors. In explaining why women ought not to be involved in combat, they argue that â€Å"women don’t have the physical and psychological strength† (p.89). They also add that women’s potential for conceiving and child bearing and consequent rearing makes them unfit for involvement in combat. The reasons given by the United States for barring women from taking up combat positions seems to point out a product of culture and socialization rather than biology. The assertion that men are more aggressive than women has no or has little evidence to support it hence its validity is usually put to question or debated mostly in developed societies which are more liberal in their view of life and its issues. The conception that women are deficient of the preferred extent of aggression seems to be a justification used/employed by the society as a whole to differentiate the roles and responsibilities of women and men (Counihan, 1999). On the other hand, if indeed women are less aggressive than men, they could also make good parents. In some cultures, such as the Aka fathers of Central African Republic, men are known to take up very active roles in bringing up the kids. This can be attributed probably to the dynamics of their societal structure.Advertising Looking for essay on anthropology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Men and women work interactively to provide for the community as they embrace communal mode of production. This enables the fathers to have more time to interact with their children and family unlike the case of most men in Western societies. From this, evidence speaks for itself that men can also take the responsibility of nurturing and rearing their children and that its just pressures from their cultures that make them to think that they naturally do not have the ability to do so (Counihan, 1999). Conclusion Brettell and Sargent (2009) have succeeded in explaining that the differences in masculinity and femininity can be explained through incorporation of the biological sex of an individual, plus the environment they are brought up in. We are persuaded that gender is a product of both nature and culture. The varied differences evident in gender roles across different cultures and societies show that gender description must incorporate both culture and nature. The gender assigned roles that men are more aggressive than women and that they fit better in combat unlike women, are just societal constructions by the military and the community at large to bar women from taking up positions in combat. It is thus evident that definition of one’s gender is a product of both nature and culture. Gender therefore varies across the diverse cultures and it is dynamic as it is subjective to changes in the environment. References Brettell, C., Sargent, C. (2009). Gender in cross-culture perspective. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall. Counihan, C. (1999). The anthropology of food and body: gender, meaning, and power. London: Routledge.

Saturday, November 23, 2019

Sexual Techniques Essays

Sexual Techniques Essays Sexual Techniques Essay Sexual Techniques Essay Thinking and Sexual Decision Making How do you use the principles of critical thinking in making sexual decisions? Give an example from your own life in which you would use critical thinking to make a decision about sex. 1. Be skeptical. After having my child last November I now must be skeptical when it comes to challenging ways I can or cant get pregnant. Being fertile the following year after giving birth to a child makes me feel like no matter hat in order to prevent a future brother or sister for my son we must use a condom. Regardless if some are able to or not. 2. Examine definition of terms. Being fertile to a person may mean a certain time or day of which they can and cant have sex to prevent pregnancy. Where as fertile to me in this moment means anytime so I must take precaution. 3. Examine the assumptions or premises of arguments. Arguing that it is easier to raise children back to back, as opposed to waiting a few years In teen influences my choice to take precautions while having sex or before I choose to. Such as condoms or birth control. 4. Be cautious In drawing conclusions from evidence. One form of birth control may work for one of my friends while for me It might not and I would end up pregnant again. 5. Consider alternative Interpretations of research evidence. Choosing to research either antiquate birth control for myself to prevent pregnancy or the effect of conception if I do not. 6. Consider the kinds of evidence on which conclusions are based. When I stopped using birth control three months later I became pregnant. I know without birth control or condom I can get pregnant. However the day on which I became pregnant Is blurry. I could research a fertility specialist to see Just where my window Is to get pregnant. 7. Do not oversimplify. I cant get pregnant again because I wasnt suppose to be able to In the first place Is oversimplifying the fact that I can get pregnant. It would be best to use protection or form of birth control before having sex. 8. Do not over generalize. Not everyone Is going to have the same side effect from a certain form of birth control, so my experience will vary and decision for one should not be based upon others experiences. Decision about sex. 1 . Be skeptical. After having my child last November I now must it is easier to raise children back to back, as opposed to waiting a few years in to. Such as condoms or birth control. 4. Be cautious in drawing conclusions from evidence. One form of birth control may work for one of my friends while for me it might not and I would end up pregnant again. Consider alternative interpretations pregnant. However the day on which I became pregnant is blurry. I could research a fertility specialist to see Just where my window is to get pregnant. 7. Do not oversimplify. I cant get pregnant again because I wasnt suppose to be able to in the first place is oversimplifying the fact that I can get pregnant.

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Write a ONE-PAGE essay, including a brief summary in the first half Essay

Write a ONE-PAGE , including a brief summary in the first half and your reflection in the second half - Essay Example The questions asked is whether the huge amount of money utilized since the 9/11 has been utilized well to curb terrorists and protect the life of the people in the United States of America (Hale, 3). Dana Priest traces the journey from the September 11 bombing to the Boston Marathon bombing as well as investigates the efforts taken by the federal agencies tasked with the mandate of keeping the citizens safe during the twelve years of battle against terrorism. The movie outlines the governments developed after the 9/11 for the purpose of preventing future attacks and hunting terrorism. The second video is about the Rise of ISIS. Martin Smith investigates the mistakes and the miscalculations behind the brutal rise of ISIS even after the final departure of the American troop from Iraq in 2011. The video is a fast flowing and dense narrative focused on the failure of the Shiite-led Iraq government to share power with the Sunni minority and failure of the United States government to act when the Sunni militant exploited the available situation for their own gain. The blame is quite directed on president Obama and the former Prime Minister Nuri Kamal al Maliki. It is only Martin Dempsey, the Joint chief of Staff’s chairman, who speaks in defense of the government and the Obama administration (Fuchis, 4). The interview is accompanied by a flood of images that will have numbing and mesmerizing effect. It shows bombings, steady montage of protests, disturbing militant video of serial executions as well as battle footage. Basing on the first video footage, I believe that the government has made numerous steps in controlling frequent terrorist attack following the September 11 bombing on the US soil. Despite the efforts done to combat terrorism, the government was not prepared during the second Boston attack (Fuchis, 4). The Boston marathon attack has raised so many questions on whether the government has done enough following

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

Why we should buy American made vehicles over foreign vehicles Essay

Why we should buy American made vehicles over foreign vehicles - Essay Example 274). Many people refer globalization as Americanization rather than anything else. In their opinion, the concept of globalization was introduced by America and other capitalist countries to loot the wealth of other countries. However, recent statistics show that America failed to exploit the opportunities presented by globalization whereas China and India like countries were successful in exploiting it. Recent recession affected America more than any other country in the world. In short, globalization brought more harm than good to the Americans. Automotive industry is one business area in which globalization brought revolutionary changes. Even though America is one of the major car manufacturing countries in the world, majority of the Americans purchase foreign cars such as Mercedes Benz, BMW, Toyota, Honda, Nissan etc. The demand for American cars in American market is less compared to that for foreign cars. Huge American automobile manufacturing companies, such as General Motors, are struggling to survive in the car market at present. It should be noted that plenty of American car manufacturers have already reduced their number of employees and car production because of weaker demand. In short, globalization and subsequent developments in the business circles are causing huge problems to Americans now. American economy is struggling at present. Under the above circumstances, it is the duty of every American to give a helping hand to the revitalization of American economy. Purchasing of American made products is one way of helping American economic growth. This paper analyses the reasons why we should buy American made vehicles over foreign vehicles. According to Mark Karlin (2012), â€Å"The auto industry has a long history of providing sound jobs and contributing to economic prosperity in the U.S. Now it’s time for consumers to give back by choosing domestic cars

Sunday, November 17, 2019

The Merchant of Venice Essay Example for Free

The Merchant of Venice Essay One of the most central issues in The Merchant of Venice is that of the antagonism between the Jews and the Christians. The unconscious, inborn dislike of cultures which jeopardise our way of life. Ever since people have left their homelands to settle in other places there has been conflict between different cultures. So, in the play, Antonio, Bassanio, Gratiano and many more of the Christians feel resentment towards Shylock the alien. This is partly because of the trap that he has led Antonio into and partly because he is different. This seemingly unaccounted for dislike is shown particularly by Shylock who comments: I hate him for he is a Christian (act 1, scene 3, line 38.) and then later on, in the trial scene itself, when asked to explain his actions he states: I give no reason, nor I will not, more than a lodgd hate and a certain loathing, I bear Antonio (act 4, scene 1, lines 59-61.) This speech shows how even Shylock himself cannot explain his deep-rooted hatred of Antonio (the Christian). The opposite of feuds between cultures, are the bonds which are made between people of the same beliefs and habits. This is shown at the beginning of the Act in the form of a conversation between the Duke and Antonio, both of whom are Christian. In this conversation the Duke reveals his feelings on the matter. I am sorry for thee: thou art come to answer to a stony adversary, an inhuman wretch uncapable of pity, void and empty from any dram of mercy. (act 4, scene 1, lines 3-6.) However, Antonio seems to have no hope, and accepts the law without complaint. This opening view of Antonio portrays his temperament throughout the whole scene, right up until the very end when he is released from the fateful bond. Shortly after this conversation ends Shylock enters. The Duke appeals to Shylock to have mercy upon Antonio, but Shylock is stubborn and sticks with his original decision and intention. Shylock informs the Duke about what will happen if he denies him the due and forfeit of his bond. The consequence of denying the bond would be something that Antonio himself talked about earlier in the play: The Duke cannot deny the course of law: for the commodity that strangers have with us in Venice, if it be denied, will much impeach the justice of the state, since that the trade and profit of the city consisteth of all nations. (act 3, scene 3, lines 26-31.) This means that if the course of law is not permitted, then foreigners will question the integrity and fairness of Venetian justice, which would be fateful for Venice, as the citys wealth depends upon international trade. Venice will also lose its reputation as the centre of international trade if the Duke does not grant Shylock his bond. Yet again, Antonio does not try to excuse himself from the bond, but reminds his friends that they are dealing with a Jew, and of how they will not be able to shift his Jewish Heart. Bassanio proposes to repay Shylock with twice the amount agreed in the bond but, yet again, Shylock is unmoved in his decision. The Duke now realises that there is no way that he can legally save his friends life, but, he states that upon his power he may dismiss the court unless Bellario, a famous lawyer whom he has called to the court  to ask him of his opinion, can attend the hearing. Bassanio sees this as a possibility that his friend may live, but Antonio is not optimistic and says: I am a tainted wether of the flock, meetest for death; the weakest kind of fruit drops earliest to the ground; and so let me. You cannot be better employd, Bassanio, than to live still, and write mine epitaph. (act 4, scene 1, lines 114-118.) He almost feels that he deserves to die, and asks Bassanio to carry on with his own life and write his memoirs for him. The lawyers clerk, who is Nerissa dressed as a man, arrives with a letter from Bellario. The Duke reads the letter and in the meantime Shylock sharpens his knife on the sole of his shoe. Bassanio is upset by this and asks him Why dost thou wet thy knife so earnestly?, and Shylock replies that he intends to take what is rightfully his. At this, Gratiano, who until now has been silent, launches a verbal attack on Shylock, accusing him of having the soul of a man-killing wolf. However, as before, Shylock is unscathed by these insults, and reminds Gratiano that he is only here to uphold the law. After reading the letter the Duke informs the court that Bellario has been taken ill and therefore cannot attend the hearing, but that he has sent a young lawyer in his place, whom he has informed with the details of the case. This lawyer of which the letter speaks is called Balthazar, but when Balthazar enters it becomes apparent to the audience that the lawyer is in fact Portia in disguise. The characters in the play, however, do not know this. Portia attempts to persuade Shylock to have mercy but is unsuccessful. Finally, she agrees that it is lawful that Shylock shall have his bond. Shylock, who is gratified with this judgement, compares Portia to Daniel who, in the Apocrypha, was instructed by God to give a verdict against two elders who had tried to rape the celibate lady Susanna. Portia proceeds to gain Shylocks respect by reminding the court that Antonio must pay the bond with A pound of flesh, to be by him cut off nearest the merchants heart.  Portia asks Shylock whether he has the scales ready to weigh the pound of flesh, to which he replies I have them ready. Portia then feels that she may have found a way to save Antonios life, she asks Shylock: Have by some surgeon, Shylock, on your charge, to stop his wounds, lest he do bleed to death. (act 4, scene 1, lines 255-256.) Yet Shylock reminds her that it says nothing about a surgeon in the bond, so her statement is void. Portia accepts this, she then turns to Antonio to ask him if he has anything to say. Antonio speaks to Bassanio to try and console him, concluding with a wry joke about the matter: If the Jew do cut but deep enough, Ill pay it (the debt) instantly with all my heart. (act 4, scene 1, lines 278-279.) Bassanio then comments that he would give up his wife if it would save Antonio, and then Gratiano says that he wishes that his wife were in heaven so that she could stop the proceedings by some divine interception. These comments fracture the tension that has built in the court because, unknown to Bassanio and Gratiano, their wives are there in the court with them. Portia emphasises the irony in this further by saying: Your wife would give you little thanks for that, if she were by to hear you make the offer. (act 4, scene, 1 lines 286-287.) Portia gives permission for Shylock to take his bond, but just as he is preparing to do so she finds a weak link in the bond: Tarry a little: there is something else. This bond doth give thee here no jot of blood. (act 4, scene 1, lines 303-304.) Meaning that Shylock is entitled to his pound of flesh but not to any of Antonios blood. She then explains that if Shylock does shed one drop of Christian blood then he will have his lands and goods confiscated by the state of Venice. At this decree Gratiano is overjoyed as he can see a way out for his friend. He mocks Shylock by repeating the very praises that Shylock himself had delivered to Portia. The likening of Portia to Daniel is now more fitting because like Portia, Daniel was not anticipated in the court, and the judgement that he gave freed Susanna and condemned her accusers. Shylock is shocked by Portias words, but he is not defeated, he offers to accept triple the original amount, which was offered to him earlier: I take this offer then: pay the bond thrice, and let the Christian go. (act 4, scene 1, lines 316-317.) Bassanio is about to hand over the money when Portia intervenes again. She states that Shylock shall have only his justice, so she instructs him to prepare to cut the pound of flesh, but she warns him, if he should cut any more or less than a pound, even in the estimation of a hair then he shall lose all that he owns. Gratiano jeers at Shylock even further, and yet again Shylock asks for the money, but Portia reminds us that Shylock had refused the money earlier, so now, he shall have merely justice, and his bond. At this, Shylock attempts to leave the court, yet Portia calls him back stating the law hath yet another hold on you. This hold is yet another law of Venice, which states that any alien or foreigner who attempts to take the life of a Venetian shall have all of their possessions confiscated, one half of which shall go to the endangered Venetian, Antonio, and the other half shall go to the privy coffer of the state. This law also states that the life of the alien shall be in the hands of the Duke, and Portia advises Shylock to get down onto his knees and beg mercy of the Duke. The Duke spares Shylocks life, and Antonio, who is now entitled to half of Shylocks wealth, is asked what mercy he can render him? Antonio, despite Gratianos petition, shows his generosity. He offers to take the money on loan, keeping it in confidence for Lorenzo, a Christian who recently ran away with Shylocks daughter, Jessica. However, Antonio puts two conditions on his offer, firstly, that Shylock must become a Christian and, secondly, that he must make a will leaving all that he owns to Jessica and Lorenzo. In doing this, Antonio has struck the  ultimate blow, forcing Shylock to become what he hates and to leave his wealth to someone who has already robbed him of a lot of money and stolen his daughter. Shylock sees that he has been cornered, and asks permission to leave the court. He agrees to conform with Antonios conditions saying: Send the deed after me, and I will sign it. (act 4, scene 1, lines 394-395.) In agreeing to these conditions Shylock has lost his chance for revenge upon the Christians and has had their revenge cast upon himself. Gratiano now makes his feelings apparent, and he declares to Shylock: In Christening shalt thou have two god-fathers; Had I been judge, thou shouldst have had ten more, to bring thee to the gallows, not to the font. (act 4, scene 1, lines 396-398.) This shows that Gratiano feels that Shylock should have been hanged for, in Christianity, when a child is baptised, two god-fathers are appointed to see that the child is properly educated in the Christian faith. However, at the time, god-fathers, was also a nick-name for the members of a jury, a body of twelve men, who would have been needed to pass sentence on Shylock. Gratiano suggests that there should have been ten more god-fathers in order to make up a jury, who he feels would have condemned Shylock to death.  This statement by Gratiano has a double meaning, firstly, that he feels Shylock should have been punished by death and, secondly, that he will be baptised into the Christian faith. The Duke, yet again showing his liking of Antonio, invites Portia to have dinner at his home with him, but Portia declines his offer because she must away this night to Padua. The only thing left to do now is for Bassanio, Antonio and Gratiano to pay the lawyer for his services. Bassanio offers the three thousand ducats which would have been used to pay Shylock, yet Portia refuses payment declaring: He is well paid that is well satisfied, and I, delivering you, am satisfied, and therein do account myself well paid. (act 4, scene 1, lines 413-415.) Suddenly though, the lawyer catches sight of the ring on Bassanios finger, the very ring which Portia gave him at their wedding. She asks for the ring as payment. Bassanio remembers that Portia had told him never to detach himself from the ring for any reason, and, recollecting this, he refuses. Antonio pleads with Bassanio for him to give the ring, and Bassanio, who almost brought about the death of his friend, does not refuse his companions wish. He then sends Gratiano after the lawyer in order to offer Portia the ring.

Friday, November 15, 2019

The Cause and Effect of HIV in Africa Essay -- Biology Medical Biomedi

The Cause and Effect of HIV in Africa The ubiquitous acronym HIV stands for Human Immunodeficiency Virus. It is a virus that gradually weakens the immune system until the body cannot fight off common infinitesimal infections such as pneumonia, diarrhea, the â€Å"flu†, and other illnesses. All of which can be part of the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, the final stage of HIV that usually develops between 2 to 10 years after the infection. This infection is frequently transmitted through unprotected intercourse with someone who has already been affected with HIV and is an increasing problem in Africa. This study focuses mainly on the causes and effects of this virus in Africa. HIV is an ongoing battle in many different parts of the world, but it has not affected any other country as strongly and perniciously than in Africa. Out of the 3 million AIDS deaths worldwide, 2.2 million deaths have occurred in Africa. Although the condom is an effective way to prevent the infection of HIV, in many African societies, women are expected and taught to subordinate their own interest to those of their partners. Because of this, many African women feel powerless and give in to having sex for the fear that, if they refuse, they will be raped anyway. Results show that in most African countries, 40% of the young women in Kenya and in Cameroon are coerced or tricked into sexual intercourse. Since wife abuse is widespread, many women do not dare to bring up the topic of condoms for protection against HIV infection for the fear that they would be physically abused. (Women’s Status. July 29, 2005: www.infoforhealth.org/pr/112/112boxes.shtml) In many African cultures, a strong emphasis is placed on having children. This leads to childhood marriage ... ....shtml) 2. (Marriage Practices. July 29, 2005: www.infoforhealth.org/pr/112/112boxes.shtml) 3. (HIV Transmission from Mother to Child. July 29, 2005: www.infoforhealth.org/pr/112/112boxes.shtml) 4. (Rites of Passage. July 29, 2005: www.infoforhealth.org/pr/112/112boxes.shtml) 5. (Sexual Practices. July 29, 2005: www.infoforhealth.org/pr/112/112boxes.shtml) 6. (Assessing Condom Effectiveness. July 29, 2005: www.infoforhealth.org/pr/112/112boxes.shtml) 7. (Aids Orphans Growth. July 29, 2005: www.infoforhealth.org/112/112boxes.shtml) 8. (Children Orphaned by AIDS: A New Challenge. July 29, 2005: www.infoforhealth.org/pr/112/112boxes.shtml) 9. (The Impact of Food Shortages on the Lives of AIDS Patients. July 29, 2005: www.hivafrica.org/article_story.php?indexnum=15) 10. (Social and Economic Consequences. July 29, 2005: www.infoforhealth.org/pr/112/112chap6.shtml)

Tuesday, November 12, 2019

Leadership Notes

Management Unit 6 Study Note: Leadership Leading Basics Leadership: The process of inspiring others to work hard to accomplish important tasks * One of the four functions that constitute the management process * Planning: sets direction and objectives * Organizing: brings resources together and turn plans into action * Leading: builds the commitments and enthusiasm needed to accomplish plans Controlling: makes sure things turns out rightVision: A term used to describe a clear sense of the future Visionary Leadership: Brings to the situation a clear sense of the future and an understanding of how to get there * Visionary leaders inspire others to take the actions necessary to turn vision into reality Power: The ability to convince someone else to do something you want, your way. Position Power: Temporary forms of power such as reward power, coercive power, and legitimate power.Personal Power: Permanent forms of power such as expert power and referent power Reward Power: Rewarding good behavior with compliments or assets Coercive Power: Deterring bad behavior with punishments or negative feedback Legitimate Power: Applying good behavior through the use of authority and rights of office Expert Power: Supporting good behavior through example, advice, and experience Referent Power: Inspiring good behavior through personal respect, integrity, and admiration Keys to Developing Position Power: Centrality: Establishing a broad network of contacts and getting involved with important information flows * Criticality: Taking good care of others * Visibility: Becoming known as an influential person Empowerment: The process through which managers enable and help others to gain power and achieve influence. Important Leadership Traits: * Drive * Self-confidence * Creativity * Cognitive ability * Business knowledge * Motivation * Flexibility * Honesty and integrityEffective Leaders: Provide information, responsibility, authority, and trust. They encourage others to take initiati ve, make decisions, utilise knowledge. Task Concerns: * Plans and defines work to be done * Assigns task responsibilities * Sets clear work standards * Urges task completion * Monitors performance results People Concerns: * Acts warm and supportive toward followers * Develops social rapport with followers * Respects the feelings of followers * Is sensitive to followers’ needs * Shows trust in followersLeadership Styles Blake/ Mouton Leadership Grid: * Team Management: High task concern; high people concern * Authority-Obedience Management: High task concern; low people concern * Country Club Management: High people concern; low task concern * Impoverished Management: Low task concern; low people concern. * Middle of the Road Management: Non-committal for both task concern and people concern Hersey-Blanchard: Leadership theory that calls for adjustments of styles for per situation.Delegating: Low-task, low-relationship style that works best in high readiness-situations Partici pating: Low-task, high-relationship style that works best in low- to moderate-readiness situations Selling: High-task, high-relationship style that works best in moderate- to high-readiness situations Telling: High-task, low-relationship style that works best in low-readiness situations Fiedler Contingency Model: Good leadership is based on leadership style (task or relationship otivated) and situational demands (member relations, task structure, position power) Task – Oriented Leader: Leader that focuses on task completion. Strong in high control situations but weak in low control situations Relationship – Oriented Leader: Leader that focuses on employee relationships. They are strongest in middle control situations. House Path Goal Leadership: * Directive Leadership: When job assignments are ambiguous. * Supportive Leadership: When worker self-confidence is low. * Participative Leadership: When performance incentives are poor. Achievement-Oriented Leadership: When ta sk challenge is insufficient Readiness: How ready, willing, and able employees are in performing tasks. Substitutes for Leadership: Factors in the work setting that direct work efforts without the involvement of a leader * Subordinate: Ability, experience, independence * Task Characteristics: Routine, availability of feedback * Organizational Characteristics: Clarity of plans and formalization of rules and procedures Charismatic Leaders: Develop special leader-follower relationships and inspire others in extraordinary ways.Vroom-Jago Leader-Participation Model: designed to help a leader choose the method of decision making that best fits the nature of the problem being faced. In this model, the best leader is someone able to choose and implement the most appropriate decision methods. * Authoritative decision – made by leader * Consultative decision – made by leader with help of group * Group decision – made by group members through participation Works best when: -leader lacks sufficient info -problem is unclear acceptance of others is necessary for implementation -adequate time is available to allow for true participation Transformational Leadership: Someone who is truly inspirational as a leader and who arouses others to seek extraordinary performance accomplishments. * Vision * Charisma * Symbolism * Empowerment * Intellectual stimulation * Integrity Transactional Leadership: Someone who is methodical as a leader and keeps others focused on progressing toward goal accomplishment.Emotional Intelligence: The ability to manage ourselves and our relationships effectively Male Leadership: Men tend to use transactional leadership Female Leadership: Women tend to use interactive leadership, a style that shares qualities with transformational leadership and behaviors. Ethical Leadership: * Integrity: The leader’s honesty, credibility, and consistency in putting values into action. Crucial for transformational leadership and good old-fashi oned leadership. * Moral Obligation: Awaken people’s potential, instill high expectations and let others do their best.

Sunday, November 10, 2019

Educational System In Term Of Legitimation In Cambodia

Education is one of societal establishment that makes society and the state sustainable and development. With instruction, people get cognition, accomplishments, wont, value, and morality, and attitude ( Roth Hok, 2004, p 3 ) . It provides the state work force in order to run into the challenge of globalisation of today competitory economic and technological development. Accord with the demands above, each state seek to construct up quality of instruction, enlarge and widespread the educational edifice centres, schools and universities everyplace in the state. Furthermore, they provide the opportunity to those who want to work on the educational sectors which aspect as private sector or organisation. Additionally, the educational establishment attempts to reform and bring forth more method, construction or other techniques to better the educational system. There are four maps of instruction: socialization, making, allotment and legitimation ( Historical Root Document ) in which each map plays really of import function and works in deferent facet that instruction go more and more effectual. In order to stabilise and develop the state more efficaciously, legitimation is one of the most of import maps, which have been using actively in instruction. In term of educational facet, legitimation is the tool to set up and associate the people in society. It provides norm, values and political orientation to stabilise the political power and besides cultural and societal individuality ( Historical Root Document ) . Cambodia is one of the development states which has merely emerged from the war that the instruction had been distracted to about nothing. Harmonizing to Mr. Heng stated that â€Å" Having passed four old ages of the barbarian genocidal government of the Pol Pot- Ieng Sary clique our substructure in the sphere of instruction and instruction is wholly shattered. â€Å" ( Ayres, 2003 ) . Now it has been fighting really hard to go the developed state by concentrating much on the instruction as the chief sector that instruction in term of legitimation has been applied more potentially in the Kampuchean context in order to stabilise, nationalise the state as a whole. Research Questions What is the chief factor to determine the course of study in Education? How did the instruction course of study in PRK and subsequently use the societal and national vision to the citizens? How effectual have the instruction system work in gestate the citizen for stabilising the state? Education in Cambodia in term of Legitimation In Cambodia, from one period to another, the course of study has been changed and reformed steadily to acquire a better quality and apprehension of the function of instruction policy in aspect societal and civic individualities and redefining or retracing national citizenship within the Kampuchean context. The course of study has been set and assimilated the political orientation to the immature Kampuchean to be harmony, peace, stableness and feeling of loving state and society and besides supports and serves their political power. The implicit in premise is that for procedures of educational alteration to be meaningful parts to national rapprochement and peace edifice in the context of individuality. Of cardinal concern were the policy issues that determine the function of schooling in the formation and transmittal of corporate individuality, memory, and sense of citizenship and of shared fate. Harmonizing to the course of study the pupils are provided to larn the topic that tell ab out the manner of life, the manner to talk, frock, base, sit, and walk, it besides provides norm, value and carry the immature Kampuchean to love and protect their ain national heritage ; moreover, the information the pupils get is to follow and back up the authorities context that the state become stableness, prosperity and development. General end of course of study in term of legitimation The ends and purposes of instruction are to develop human resources mentally, emotionally, and physically. It maintains accomplishments, experiences, morality, tolerance, cognition, cooperation, solidarity, patriotism, love of justness, human rights, environmental advocator, individuality and valuing national civilization and civilisation, regard for jurisprudence, holding self-independence, assurance, ability to work out day-to-day life jobs, creativeness, industry, duty, ability to advance one ‘s household wellbeing, engagement in national rehabilitation and development based of democracy and pluralism, , ( UNESCO statistical yearbook,1999 ) In PRK period In the period of People Republic Kampouchea government, the authorities was in left with nil in the custodies every bit good as the instruction system. ( Aryes, 2000 ) With the official authorities was empty thought related to the instruction theory and patterns, most of them were in the ground forces sectors. In add-on to this, the influence of cold war in the current flow of universe power between Russia and the United State ( Nayan Chanda, 2007 ) led to distribute the political orientation of socialism which affected on Cambodia authorities in instruction course of study. However the new educational plan had been announced officially in on July 30, 1979 in the PRK. The system had been put an consequence by Heng samrin. The new educational construction had been replaced by the disposal of Vietnamese and Gallic educational pattern. The primary school class had been divided into two three-year rhythm prior to 1975, was reduced into four class, secondary school six old ages to maximum three old ages rhythm. The 10 old ages construction and go uping totaling system followed the denote school classs, were really similar to those Vietnamese. Another characteristic of the system which the same as Vietnamese ‘s was the decentralized control. Provincial instruction commissions were vested with a high grade of duty for doing determination. ( Ayres, 2003 ) In that manner, instruction is to protect and construct the People ‘s Republic of Cambodia in to socialist state, ( Ayres, 2003 ) , so in the period the instruction is provided to the people in order to stabilise the state and better the political power. After PRK period 1990s After the election in 1993, The Cambodia fundamental law has rehabilitation programs, the schemes of MoEYS, the schemes of socioeconomic, and the existent national state of affairs the instruction reform policy had been accepted by the instruction system development commissions as the followers: The general instruction system from grade 11 to 12 old ages added 1year to primary school that the expression is 6+3+3, which is 6 old ages in primary school, 3 old ages in secondary school 3 old ages in high school. They besides increase up 6 hours per twenty-four hours in order to acquire the international criterion of 5,000 hours in which one category period 45 proceedingss in primary school and 50 proceedingss in secondary school. There 6 capable countries in primary and 8 topics in secondary school include foreign topics ( English or Gallic ) grade 5 in primary school upward. ( UNESCO statistical yearbook,1999 ) The end of course of study is to construct up the scholars life experience, work experience, cognition, accomplishments, values, personality, and wonts of making indispensable activities in their ain society every bit good as their ain state. Therefore they can be really of import plus to work more efficaciously to develop the state and broad pluralistic democracy. ( UNESCO statistical yearbook,1999 ) Decision The end of Basic Education is to develop utile citizens into a adept work force that possesses accomplishments and ability and general cognition to use for their existent societal life. They have ability to better their ain wellness ( physical and mental ) every bit good as the wellness households and their society. They besides feel assurance to hold ability to work out the jobs of their households and society, and the ability to do determinations and programs for a successful life. Tolerance and acknowledgment of the public assistance of other people, and public spirit with the sense of equality and empathy. Love of self-study to better their life accomplishments. , love of modern engineering, willingness to work with others, cognition and accomplishments in direction, and preparedness to keep occupations suited to their makings and penchants. Awareness of societal alterations and ability to accommodate themselves in order to develop their state with the spirit of national pride, l ove of their state, faith and male monarch and saving of the natural environment, natural resources and their traditional every bit good as international humanistic disciplines and civilization.

Friday, November 8, 2019

Ironclads essays

Ironclads essays In 1861 the Merrimack was captured by the Confederates. They turned it into an ironclad by placing iron on it. To counter it the Union created its own ironclad. The Monitor was born. Here are some of the ways ironclads impacted the navel warfare in the Civil War. Ironclads were ships built in a new technological way. They were platted with iron. The iron was placed in a way so that cannon balls were deflected. These new ships made wooden ships inferior. Ironclads could destroy wood ships by ramming them of by shooting them. The wooden ships couldnt harm the ironclads because of the cannon balls would bounce off them. Ironclads could also attack forts and land forces. Ironclads were not effective fighting other ironclads. The Battle of the Ironclads between the Monitor and the Merrimack lasted around four hours. When they shot each other the cannon balls just bounced off. The Merrimack tried to ram the Monitor, but failed. At times they were so close the bumped into each other. They were two matched forces, it was a draw. Nothing could match the force of an ironclad. In May 1862 the Confederates scuttled and burned the Merrimack so that the Union could not capture it. The Monitor sank in a storm as it traveled from Hampton Roads, were the battle took place. Ironclads were never used again in the Civil War after that battle. The only thing that stopped them was a storm and a side that was afraid of their ironclad being captured. The ironclads led up to the warships of today. They are like the great grandparents of todays iron warships. This is how ironclads impacted navel warfare in the Civil War. ...

Tuesday, November 5, 2019

Skin Cancer Essays - RTT, Carcinoma, Anatomical Pathology

Skin Cancer Essays - RTT, Carcinoma, Anatomical Pathology "Skin Cancer" Gone are the days when people sent children outside to play to get a little color in their cheeks. They know too much about the dangers of unprotected sun exposure and the threat of skin cancer. Or do they? Despite the fact that 58% of parents remembered hearing about the importance of protecting their children from the sun, children are still playing in the sun without sunscreen or protective clothing (3., p 1). Sunburn is the most preventable risk factor of skin cancer. Skin type and family history cannot be changed. Protection from the sun and education of the potential hazards of the sun need serious attention. The American Cancer Society estimates that over 850,000 cases of skin cancer will occur in the United States during 1996. Of those cases, they predict that 9,430 will end in death (4., p 1). Apparently, Americans still do not have an adequate amount of prevention information to help reduce the disfigurement and mortality from this cancer. Exposure to the ultraviolet radiation from the sun is the most frequently blamed source of skin cancer. Due to the reduction of ozone in the earths atmosphere, UV radiation is higher today than it was several years ago. Ozone serves as a filter to screen out and reduce the UV light that reaches the earths surface and its people. Very simply, sunburn and UV light can damage the skin and lead to skin cancer (1., p 1). The American Cancer Society also faulted repeated exposure to x-rays, artificial forms of UV radiation like tanning beds, and contact with chemicals like coal tar and arsenic as other causes of skin cancer (4., p 1). Additionally, if there is a history of skin cancer in the family, an individual may be at a higher risk (1., p 1). Individuals who have experienced only one serious sunburn have increased their risk of skin cancer by as much as 50% (1., p 4). There are three main types of skin cancer: basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and malignant melanoma. Basal cell carcinoma usually imposes itself on areas of the skin that have been exposed to the sun. It usually appears as a small raised bump with a smooth shiny surface. Another type resembles a scar that is firm to the touch. Although this specific type of skin cancer may spread to tissue directly surrounding the cancer area, it usually does not spread to other areas of the body (9., pp 2-3). Squamous cell carcinoma growths also appear most frequently on areas of the body that have been exposed to the sun. These areas can include the hands, lower lip, forehead, and the top of the nose. Additionally, skin that has been exposed to x-rays, chemicals, or has been sunburned can host these tumors. The squamous tumors may feel scaly or develop a crusty appearance. Some growths may bleed. These particular tumors may spread to lymph nodes in the surrounding area (9., pp 2 -3). Malignant melanoma is a far more serious type of skin cancer. It can spread quickly to other parts of the body through the lymph system or blood. This type of skin cancer is more common among adults. Findings have indicated that men most often develop melanoma on the trunk of the body. Whereas, women most often develop it on the arms and legs (6., pp 2-3). The warning signs of melanoma are: changes in the color, size, or shape of a mole, bleeding or oozing from a mole, or a mole that is hard, lumpy, swollen, and is tender to the touch, or feels itchy. A new mole can also be an indicator of melanoma. A simple "ABCD" rule outlines the warning signs of melanoma. "A" is for asymmetry. One half of the mole does not match the other. "B" is for border irregularity. The edges are ragged, notched, or blurred. "C" is for color. The pigmentation is not uniform. "D" is for a diameter of greater than 6mm. Any progressive increase in size should be of particular concern (8., p 1). For both basal and squamous cell carcinomas, surgery is the most common treatment. Electrosurgery is the process in which the cancer is scooped out with a sharp instrument and then an electric current is used to burn the edges around the site to kill

Sunday, November 3, 2019

Managerial Economic and Quantitative Analysis Essay

Managerial Economic and Quantitative Analysis - Essay Example Thomas & Maurice, 2007). So in order to obtain the profit equation, total cost equation is subtracted from the total revenue equation (that is, profit = total revenue – total cost). However, from the equations given, there is no total cost and total revenue function. In order to obtain a total revenue function of the two firms, the demand function of each firm is integrated, and in order to obtain the total cost of each firm, the average cost function of each firm is integrated. After obtaining the total revenue and total cost functions, it is now possible to obtain the profit function. Economists argue that profits are maximized where total cost balances total revenue. So in order to obtain optimal price and output of each firm working individually, the total cost function is equated to the total revenue function (R. Thomas, C. Thomas & Maurice, 2007). This helps in obtaining the optimal output and price. Optimal price and output may also be obtained through differentiating t he profit function of each firm and equating it to zero, and then solving for the values of price and output. Consider the second case, where the two companies work together. ... Thomas, C. Thomas & Maurice, 2007). Part Two Estimation of the price per plane The estimated price per plane is as follows. price per plane (million $) probability Estimated price per plane (million $) 125 0.25 500 175 0.25 700 225 0.5 450 Optimal output and price when the firms act individually Airbus optimal price and output Airbus demand function is P = 500 – 0.0003Q. From this demand function, the total revenue function derived by integrating the demand function is TR = 500Q – 0.0003Q2. Airbus has the following Average cost function; AVC = 104.8822Q – 0.001Q2 + 0.09 Q3. By integrating this average cost function, a total cost function is obtained; TC = 104.8822Q2 – 0.001Q3 + 0.09Q4. In order to determine the optimum quantity and price the profit function is obtained first and then differentiated with respect to output. The profit function obtained is 500Q – 104.8825Q2 + 0.001Q3 – 0.09Q4. Differentiating this profit function and solving for the value of Q yields the value of Q as 500 M. Hence, substituting the value of Q in the original demand function, the value of P obtained is $ 499.85 M. thus; the optimal values of price and output are $ 499.85 Million and 500 million respectively. Boeing Optimal Output and Price The demand function of the firm is P = 700 – 0.00013Q. The total revenue function obtained through integration of the demand function is TR = 700Q – 0.00013Q2. The Average cost function of the firm is AVC = 25.8678Q – 0.00023Q2 + 0.4Q3. Integration of this function yields TR = 25.8678Q2 – 0.00023Q3 + 0.4Q4. From the total revenue and total cost functions, the following profit function is obtained, which is then differentiated and equated to zero in order to obtain the value of Q that is

Friday, November 1, 2019

Managing with Integrity Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Managing with Integrity - Research Paper Example Steward mangers identify with high moral developments, unlike agents. Consequently, they not only disregard their personal interest, but also forego interest of their organizations to meet people’s needs. They therefore promote welfare of employees and the entire society (Martynov, 2009). This approach to decision making mirrors the concepts of a servant leader in variety of ways that include â€Å"motives and intentions,† â€Å"means and methods,† and â€Å"ends and outcomes† (SanFacon and Spears, 2008, p. 9). The servant leader for example has a self-motivated and automatic desire to serve others and this mirrors the steward-manager’s moral obligation to meet the society’s needs. The drive in a servant leader to develop potentials for rendering services is also similar to the steward-manager’s desire to meet his moral obligations to the society. Similarly, the steward manager’s disregard of organizational interest to focus on the society’s well being is similar to the servant leadership concept that organizations should benefit people instead of exploiting them. A steward manager and the concept of servant leadership also share similar objectives (SanFacon and Spears, 2008; Martynov, 2009). A steward manager would be successful in the global business world because of two factors, the ability to interact with and manage diversity through critical thinking and the moral drive to meet social expectations. While the moral manager is different from the agent manager, morality does not negate managerial skills. The steward manager is therefore able to interact with people in different cultural and ideological frameworks to achieve his or her desired objectives. The gained morality of the manager also facilitates interaction with other members of the society who will be able to identify and respond to the manager’s good social

Wednesday, October 30, 2019

Care of Alzheimer Patient Issues in the Family Research Paper

A Care of Alzheimer Patient Issues in the Family - Research Paper Example I strongly hypothesize that most families and members of the society, in general, do not have the potential and ability to identify the early symptoms of the disease so that early intervention regimes can be implemented, are unable to cope with the increasing demands of caring for an Alzheimer’s patient and themselves often coped poorly under the circumstances of having an Alzheimer’s patient within the household. I also hypothesize that some families do not pay due care and attention that is demanded by these patients. If so, my question is what these clients/ families and the community in general needs most from the human service provider and organization. Alzheimer’s disease, thought to be a consequence of the increase in the production/ accumulation of a specific protein (beta-amyloidal protein) which causes nerve cell damage, is a progressive disease of the brain featuring memory retardation and disturbances in other cognitive/ mental functions such as language and perception of reality. On average, symptoms of Alzheimer’s are noticed by families three years before a conclusive diagnosis is done. While not an inevitable part of aging, Alzheimer prevalence increases significantly after the age of 65 years (Zarka, 2011). The disease develops when the toxic protein, beta amyloidal, accumulates in the brain in the form of plaques which are thought to be in turn toxic to neurons, disrupting messages within the brain by damaging connections between brain cells. The brain cells finally die and information recalling or assimilation disrupted hence.

Monday, October 28, 2019

Message Cautious Listening Essay Example for Free

Message Cautious Listening Essay Listening can occur in: 1. One-on-one communication or face-to-face conversations 2. a small group 3. large group Levels of attentiveness 1. Nonlistener. This individual is preoccupied with personal thoughts unrelated to the speaker’s message. 2. Passive listener. This person hears the speaker’s words without really understanding them. This incomplete absorption means the listener lacks a coherent view of the entire message. 3. Semi-active listener. The listener attempts to get what the speaker says but still doesn’t understand the total intent. 4. Active listener. This person is more effective. The listener pays close attention to the words and their context. HEARING VS. LISTENING Hearing is a physical process; listening is a mental one. Listening involves comprehending and retaining what is heard. The listening process The listening process consists of 4 elements: 1. Hearing. It is a physiological process. When we hear, the auditory nerves are stimulated by sound waves. 2. Filtering. It is the elimination of unwanted stimuli. Filtering allows the listener to focus on stimuli that are of special interest. 3. Interpreting. The listener’s mind assigns meaning to the stimuli. 4. Recalling. It involves remembering at a later time the information that was interpreted earlier. Guidelines for effective listening 1. Concentrate on the message 2. Determine the purpose of the message ï‚ · Cautious listening ï‚ · Skimming ï‚ · Scanning 3. Keep an open mind 4. Use feedback 5. Minimize note taking. 6. Analyze the total message 7. Do not talk or interrupt Barriers to listening A listening barrier is anything that interferes with the listening process. 1. Physical distractions 2. Mental distractions 3. Health concerns 4. Nonverbal distractions 5. Inappropriate timing 6. Ineffective speech characteristics

Saturday, October 26, 2019

The Strike of 1934 :: United States History Essays

The Strike of 1934 On May 9th 1934 a organized labor strike started in San Francisco that would snowball into a city crippling strike. The International Longshoremen’s Association (ILA) declared a strike for all longshoremen on the west coast, until they received better wages, a union-administered hiring hall, and union membership as a prerequisite for employed longshoremen. The Strike of 1934 lasted for three months, stopping maritime trade in the ports of the Western United States, from San Diego to Seattle. The clash was between the Industrial Association (IA), composed of big business and employers wanting to break the strike, and the ILA, along with other unions that dealt with maritime trades. The Strike of 1934 displayed the power the organized labor had, and how the mistreatment of labor can shut down an entire city and coast. The timing was just right for the maritime workers to strike. The grips of the Great Depression fueled laborers to maintain and improve their quality of life and security for their families. Congresses investigation into the 1934 San Francisco Strike concluded that â€Å"the aspirations of labor which led to the strike were directed from the change in public opinion expressed in the National Industrial Recovery Act. The potentialities of a protected right to bargain collectively were quickly perceived by waterfront workers.†[1] The shift in public opinion came from the need for the government to be more socially responsible to insure survival of the nation during the depression. The depression was as devastating as it was due to the lack of government involvement, a welfare state was needed. According to the Congressional investigation, â€Å"The first notice that forceful demands would be made by the longshoremen appeared in December [1933] when the local voted on the question of participating in a coast-wide strike. Lee J. Holman, then president of the local, stated the longshoremen would demand a 6-day, 30-hour week at a minimum rate of $1 per hour.†[2] Such demands were modest when considering the necessity of waterfront workers to a maritime based economy. This was at a time when the Bay and Golden Gate bridges were still under construction. Before the bridges, overland travel in the San Francisco Bay Area was longer, slower, and couldn’t carry as heavy loads as sailing across the bay.

Thursday, October 24, 2019

Importance of Schools Essay

Insertion of Article 25-A in the Constitution has guaranteed the provision of free and compulsory education by the state to all children in the age cohort of 5 to 16 years. The 18th amendment and insertion of Article 25-A has the potential to accelerate the pace of achievement of national and international targets towards the achievements of MDGs since right to free and compulsory education has been recognized. In Khyber Pakhtunkhwa the lack of appropriate public sector educational institutes leads to the high ratio of drop out from schools. The available public sector schools in KP are not able to support high influx of students passing out from primary schools. Each second union council in Pakistan’s Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province has no high school for girls, leaving thousands of female students to drop out after completing primary education. Latest official data reveals that around 505 out of the total 990 union councils in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa have no high school for girls sho wing the apathy of the successive governments towards female education in the militancy-ravaged province. Similarly, 158 union councils have no high schools for boys. In the absence of high schools both for girls and boys majority of the students in the respective areas have no option but to stop going to schools after completing primary education. Unfortunately, on one hand a number of educational institutions, particularly for girls, were blown up or torched in the militant-infested districts of the province while on other the government in past failed to pay heed to establishment of high schools to boost the already deteriorating standard of education. The insecurity and lack of schools have increased the dropout rate of the children in early age. Sitting aside the far-off districts like inaccessible Kohistan and Dir, even the capital city of Peshawar is short of educational institutions. Out of total 93 union councils in Peshawar, about 55 have no high school for girls while 32 of them are without high school for boys, according to the data. Out of 75 union councils in Mardan the sec ond largest city in KP, 34 have no high school for girls and 15 have no high school for boys. The Kohistan district has total 38 union councils but only one of them has a high school for girls. Similarly, its 24 union councils have no high schools for boys. Bannu has 47 union councils and among them 23 have no high school for girls and 15 are without high school for boys. Similarly, 41 union councils in Swat, 21 in Abbottabad, 23 in Chitral, 27 in Charsadda, 14 in Dera Ismail Khan, 10 in  Lower Dir, 33 in Mansehra, 24 in Nowshera, 23 in Lakki, 16 in Battagram, 20 in Upper Dir, 23 in Shangla and 13 in Hangu have no high schools for girls. According to policy analysis report from UNESCO in 2012, there are about 2,845,843 students enrolled at primary level throughout KP, while only 1,077,597 at high schools in KP. This shows that almost 50% get dropped out after primary schools due to one reason or another, the most prevailing of which is the huge difference in the number of institutes both at primary and high level leads to the drop out of most of the students due to the non-availability of high schools in their locality or the high schools available do not have the facilities to accommodate the large number of students. Majority of the population cannot afford the fee structures of private schools so they are unwillingly compelled to discontinue the education of their children, and leaving no option but to involve their children in child labor. The lack of High Schools in the locality also leads to dropout. Due to cultural norms and values people mostly don’t send their female children to schools far from them.

Wednesday, October 23, 2019

Writing Deficiencies in Today

Employers rank oral and written skills as some of the most valuable qualifications desirable when looking for new hiring candidates (Gray, 2005). Writings need to be informative, concise, free of spelling and grammatical errors. Additionally, effective business communication needs to be accurate and clear in meaning. Implications of poor grammar skills of today's employees on company profitability can quickly add up into the billions. Company productivity can be effected due to poor communication between employees and customers.The need to have material interpreted by different employees because of poorly written material causes lost time and productivity. Instructions being misinterpreted due to poorly written material causes unnecessary time being lost. The academic community has long debated the need to teach grammar skills and its benefits to students. Unfortunately; college students are graduating every day without the simple basic knowledge of sentence structure, spelling or gr ammar (College Bad, The National Commission on Writing for America's Families, Schools, andColleges, 2004). Traditionally, two different approaches have been used. In the ass's, a â€Å"rule-based†, approach which used repetitive drills and sentence diagramming was employed. This theory was proven ineffective by Weaver in 1 996 (Weaver, 1996), and a â€Å"context-based†, theory was adopted, which focused on students learning language by using a specific content. Regardless of the approach taken it is clear that it is necessary to take charge of our students need to learn grammar skills at an early age and to reinforce Hess skills throughout their school age years.

Monday, October 21, 2019

Assignment For Biochemistry Class Example

Assignment For Biochemistry Class Example Assignment For Biochemistry Class – Assignment Example Assignment for Biochemistry Sugar belongs to the carbohydrates category of biopolymers that interfere in the biological processes in the living bodies (Stick elevated triglycerides and insulin immunity through production of fat within the liver; diabetes from augmented liver glucose production mixed with insulin immunity; and the phenomenon of ageing, induced by damaged DNA, proteins and lipids by nonenzymatic adhering of fructose to them (Lustig, 2010). Thus it can be said that sugar poses similar toxic effects similar to alcohol on liver. As alcohol is obtained by the fermentation of sugar and is said to have similar properties of inducing pleasure although being a natural nutrient (Lustig, Schmidt, and Brindis, 2012).The government should regulate sugar supply but a ban like that imposed on alcohol and cigarettes. However the increased in-take can be limited by imposing taxes and removing subsidies on the over usage of fructose in the processed food items; limiting the availabili ty of fast food to younger people by imposing a complete ban on the sale of such products during school hours and by removing fructose form Generally Regarded As Safe list (Tappy et al, 2010). Yes sugar substitutes like artificial sweeteners are better for consumption as they do not disturb the blood glucose level. ReferencesLustig, R. H. (2010). Fructose: metabolic, hedonic, and societal parallels with ethanol. J AM Diet Assoc. 110, 1307–1321.Lustig, R. H., Schmidt, L. A. and Brindis, C. D. (2012). Public health: The toxic truth about sugar. Nature 482 (7383), 27-29.Muthana, S.M., Campbell, C.T., & Gildersleeve, J. C. (2012). Modifications of Glycans: Biological Significance and Therapeutic Opportunities. ACS Chem Biol. 7(1), 31-43.Stick, R., & Williams, S. (2009). Carbohydrates: The Essential Molecules of Life, 2nd ed. Elsevier. Tappy, L., LÃ ª, K. A., Tran, C., & Paquot, N. (2010). Fructose and metabolic diseases: new findings, new questions. Nutrition 26, 1044–104 9.

Sunday, October 20, 2019

Bertrand Russells Classic Essay in Praise of Idleness

Bertrand Russell's Classic Essay in Praise of Idleness Noted mathematician and philosopher Bertrand Russell tried to apply the clarity he admired in mathematical reasoning to the solution of problems in other fields, in particular ethics and politics. In this essay, first published in 1932, Russell argues in favor of a four-hour working day. Consider whether his arguments for laziness deserve serious consideration today. In Praise of Idleness by Bertrand Russell Like most of my generation, I was brought up on the saying: Satan finds some mischief for idle hands to do. Being a highly virtuous child, I believed all that I was told, and acquired a conscience which has kept me working hard down to the present moment. But although my conscience has controlled my actions, my opinions have undergone a revolution. I think that there is far too much work done in the world, that immense harm is caused by the belief that work is virtuous, and that what needs to be preached in modern industrial countries is quite different from what always has been preached. Everyone knows the story of the traveler in Naples who saw twelve beggars lying in the sun (it was before the days of Mussolini), and offered a lira to the laziest of them. Eleven of them jumped up to claim it, so he gave it to the twelfth. this traveler was on the right lines. But in countries which do not enjoy Mediterranean sunshine idleness is more difficult, and a great public propaganda will b e required to inaugurate it. I hope that, after reading the following pages, the leaders of the YMCA will start a campaign to induce good young men to do nothing. If so, I shall not have lived in vain. Before advancing my own arguments for laziness, I must dispose of one which I cannot accept. Whenever a person who already has enough to live on proposes to engage in some everyday kind of job, such as school-teaching or typing, he or she is told that such conduct takes the bread out of other peoples mouths, and is therefore wicked. If this argument were valid, it would only be necessary for us all to be idle in order that we should all have our mouths full of bread. What people who say such things forget is that what a man earns he usually spends, and in spending he gives employment. As long as a man spends his income, he puts just as much bread into peoples mouths in spending as he takes out of other peoples mouths in earning. The real villain, from this point of view, is the man who saves. If he merely puts his savings in a stocking, like the proverbial French peasant, it is obvious that they do not give employment. If he invests his savings, the matter is less obvious, and differ ent cases arise. One of the commonest things to do with savings is to lend them to some Government. In view of the fact that the bulk of the public expenditure of most civilized Governments consists in payment for past wars or preparation for future wars, the man who lends his money to a Government is in the same position as the bad men in Shakespeare who hire murderers. The net result of the mans economical habits is to increase the armed forces of the State to which he lends his savings. Obviously it would be better if he spent the money, even if he spent it in drink or gambling. But, I shall be told, the case is quite different when savings are invested in industrial enterprises. When such enterprises succeed, and produce something useful, this may be conceded. In these days, however, no one will deny that most enterprises fail. That means that a large amount of human labor, which might have been devoted to producing something that could be enjoyed, was expended on producing machines which, when produced, lay idle and did no good to anyone. The man who invests his savings in a concern that goes bankrupt is therefore injuring others as well as himself. If he spent his money, say, in giving parties for his friends, they (we may hope) would get pleasure, and so would all those upon whom he spent money, such as the butcher, the baker, and the bootlegger. But if he spends it (let us say) upon laying down rails for surface card in some place where surface cars turn out not to be wanted, he has diverted a mass of labor into channels where it gives pleasure to no on e. Nevertheless, when he becomes poor through failure of his investment he will be regarded as a victim of undeserved misfortune, whereas the gay spendthrift, who has spent his money philanthropically, will be despised as a fool and a frivolous person. All this is only preliminary. I want to say, in all seriousness, that a great deal of harm is being done in the modern world by belief in the virtuousness of work, and that the road to happiness and prosperity lies in an organized diminution of work. First of all: what is work? Work is of two kinds: first, altering the position of matter at or near the earths surface relatively to other such matter; second, telling other people to do so. The first kind is unpleasant and ill paid; the second is pleasant and highly paid. The second kind is capable of indefinite extension: there are not only those who give orders, but those who give advice as to what orders should be given. Usually two opposite kinds of advice are given simultaneously by two organized bodies of men; this is called politics. The skill required for this kind of work is not knowledge of the subjects as to which advice is given, but knowledge of the art of persuasive speaking and writing, i.e. of advertising. Throughout Europe, though not in America, there is a third class of men, more respected than either of the classes of workers. There are men who, through ownership of land, are able to make others pay for the privilege of being allowed to exist and to work. These landowners are idle, and I might therefore be expected to praise them. Unfortunately, their idleness is only rendered possible by the industry of others; indeed their desire for comfortable idleness is historically the source of the whole gospel of work. The last thing they have ever wished is that others should follow their example. (Continued on page two) Continued from page oneFrom the beginning of civilization until the Industrial Revolution, a man could, as a rule, produce by hard work little more than was required for the subsistence of himself and his family, although his wife worked at least as hard as he did, and his children added their labor as soon as they were old enough to do so. The small surplus above bare necessaries was not left to those who produced it, but was appropriated by warriors and priests. In times of famine there was no surplus; the warriors and priests, however, still secured as much as at other times, with the result that many of the workers died of hunger. This system persisted in Russia until 1917 [1], and still persists in the East; in England, in spite of the Industrial Revolution, it remained in full force throughout the Napoleonic wars, and until a hundred years ago, when the new class of manufacturers acquired power. In America, the system came to an end with the Revolution, except in the South, whe re it persisted until the Civil War. A system which lasted so long and ended so recently has naturally left a profound impress upon mens thoughts and opinions. Much that we take for granted about the desirability of work is derived from this system, and, being pre-industrial, is not adapted to the modern world. Modern technique has made it possible for leisure, within limits, to be not the prerogative of small privileged classes, but a right evenly distributed throughout the community. The morality of work is the morality of slaves, and the modern world has no need of slavery. It is obvious that, in primitive communities, peasants, left to themselves, would not have parted with the slender surplus upon which the warriors and priests subsisted, but would have either produced less or consumed more. At first, sheer force compelled them to produce and part with the surplus. Gradually, however, it was found possible to induce many of them to accept an ethic according to which it was their duty to work hard, although part of their work went to support others in idleness. By this means the amount of compulsion required was lessened, and the expenses of government were diminished. To this day, 99 per cent of British wage-earners would be genuinely shocked if it were proposed that the King should not have a larger income than a working man. The conception of duty, speaking historically, has been a means used by the holders of power to induce others to live for the interests of their masters rather than for their own. Of course the holders of power conceal this fact from themselves by managing to believe that their interests are identical with the larger interests of humanity. Sometimes this is true; Athenian slave-owners, for instance, employed part of their leisure in making a permanent contribution to civilization which would have been impossible under a just economic system. Leisure is essential to civilization, and in former times leisure for the few was only rendered possible by the labors of the many. But their labors were valuable, not because work is good, but because leisure is good. And with modern technique it would be possible to distribute leisure justly without injury to civilization. Modern technique has made it possible to diminish enormously the amount of labor required to secure the necessaries of life for everyone. This was made obvious during the war. At that time all the men in the armed forces, and all the men and women engaged in the production of munitions, all the men and women engaged in spying, war propaganda, or Government offices connected with the war, were withdrawn from productive occupations. In spite of this, the general level of well-being among unskilled wage-earners on the side of the Allies was higher than before or since. The significance of this fact was concealed by finance: borrowing made it appear as if the future was nourishing the present. But that, of course, would have been impossible; a man cannot eat a loaf of bread that does not yet exist. The war showed conclusively that, by the scientific organization of production, it is possible to keep modern populations in fair comfort on a small part of the working capacity of the modern world. If, at the end of the war, the scientific organization, which had been created in order to liberate men for fighting and munition work, had been preserved, and the hours of the week had been cut down to four, all would have been well. Instead of that the old chaos was restored, those whose work was demanded were made to work long hours, and the rest were left to starve as unemployed. Why? Because work is a duty, and a man should not receive wages in proportion to what he has produced, but in proportion to his virtue as exemplified by his industry. This is the morality of the Slave State, applied in circumstances totally unlike those in which it arose. No wonder the result has been disastrous. Let us take an illustration. Suppose that, at a given moment, a certain number of people are engaged in the manufacture of pins. They make as many pins as the world needs, working (say) eight hours a day. Someone makes an invention by which the same number of men can make twice as many pins: pins are already so cheap that hardly any more will be bought at a lower price. In a sensible world, everybody concerned in the manufacturing of pins would take to working four hours instead of eight, and everything else would go on as before. But in the actual world this would be thought demoralizing. The men still work eight hours, there are too many pins, some employers go bankrupt, and half the men previously concerned in making pins are thrown out of work. There is, in the end, just as much leisure as on the other plan, but half the men are total ly idle while half are still overworked. In this way, it is insured that the unavoidable leisure shall cause misery all round instead of being a universal source of happiness. Can anything more insane be imagined? (Continued on page three) Continued from page twoThe idea that the poor should have leisure has always been shocking to the rich. In England, in the early nineteenth century, fifteen hours was the ordinary days work for a man; children sometimes did as much, and very commonly did twelve hours a day. When meddlesome busybodies suggested that perhaps these hours were rather long, they were told that work kept adults from drink and children from mischief. When I was a child, shortly after urban working men had acquired the vote, certain public holidays were established by law, to the great indignation of the upper classes. I remember hearing an old Duchess say: What do the poor want with holidays? They ought to work. People nowadays are less frank, but the sentiment persists, and is the source of much of our economic confusion. Let us, for a moment, consider the ethics of work frankly, without superstition. Every human being, of necessity, consumes, in the course of his life, a certain amount of the produce of human labor. Assuming, as we may, that labor is on the whole disagreeable, it is unjust that a man should consume more than he produces. Of course he may provide services rather than commodities, like a medical man, for example; but he should provide something in return for his board and lodging. to this extent, the duty of work must be admitted, but to this extent only. I shall not dwell upon the fact that, in all modern societies outside the USSR, many people escape even this minimum amount of work, namely all those who inherit money and all those who marry money. I do not think the fact that these people are allowed to be idle is nearly so harmful as the fact that wage-earners are expected to overwork or starve. If the ordinary wage-earner worked four hours a day, there would be enough for everybody and no unemployment- assuming a certain very moderate amount of sensible organization. This idea shocks the well-to-do, because they are convinced that the poor would not know how to use so much leisure. In America men often work long hours even when they are well off; such men, naturally, are indignant at the idea of leisure for wage-earners, except as the grim punishment of unemployment; in fact, they dislike leisure even for their sons. Oddly enough, while they wish their sons to work so hard as to have no time to be civilized, they do not mind their wives and daughters having no work at all. The snobbish admiration of uselessness, which, in an aristocratic society, extends to both sexes, is, under a plutocracy, confined to women; this, however, does not make it any more in agreement with common sense. The wise use of leisure, it must be conceded, is a product of civilization and education. A man who has worked long hours all his life will become bored if he becomes suddenly idle. But without a considerable amount of leisure a man is cut off from many of the best things. There is no longer any reason why the bulk of the population should suffer this deprivation; only a foolish asceticism, usually vicarious, makes us continue to insist on work in excessive quantities now that the need no longer exists. In the new creed which controls the government of Russia, while there is much that is very different from the traditional teaching of the West, there are some things that are quite unchanged. The attitude of the governing classes, and especially of those who conduct educational propaganda, on the subject of the dignity of labor, is almost exactly that which the governing classes of the world have always preached to what were called the honest poor. Industry, sobriety, willingness to work long hours for distant advantages, even submissiveness to authority, all these reappear; moreover authority still represents the will of the Ruler of the Universe, Who, however, is now called by a new name, Dialectical Materialism. The victory of the proletariat in Russia has some points in common with the victory of the feminists in some other countries. For ages, men had conceded the superior saintliness of women, and had consoled women for their inferiority by maintaining that saintliness is more desirable than power. At last the feminists decided that they would have both, since the pioneers among them believed all that the men had told them about the desirability of virtue, but not what they had told them about the worthlessness of political power. A similar thing has happened in Russia as regards manual work. For ages, the rich and their sycophants have written in praise of honest toil, have praised the simple life, have professed a religion which teaches that the poor are much more likely to go to heaven than the rich, and in general have tried to make manual workers believe that there is some special nobility about altering the position of matter in space, just as men tried to make women believe that th ey derived some special nobility from their sexual enslavement. In Russia, all this teaching about the excellence of manual work has been taken seriously, with the result that the manual worker is more honored than anyone else. What are, in essence, revivalist appeals are made, but not for the old purposes: they are made to secure shock workers for special tasks. Manual work is the ideal which is held before the young, and is the basis of all ethical teaching. (Continued on page four) Continued from page threeFor the present, possibly, this is all to the good. A large country, full of natural resources, awaits development, and has has to be developed with very little use of credit. In these circumstances, hard work is necessary, and is likely to bring a great reward. But what will happen when the point has been reached where everybody could be comfortable without working long hours? In the West, we have various ways of dealing with this problem. We have no attempt at economic justice, so that a large proportion of the total produce goes to a small minority of the population, many of whom do no work at all. Owing to the absence of any central control over production, we produce hosts of things that are not wanted. We keep a large percentage of the working population idle, because we can dispense with their labor by making the others overwork. When all these methods prove inadequate, we have a war: we cause a number of people to manufacture high explosives, and a number of others to explode them, as if we were children who had just discovered fireworks. By a combination of all these devices we manage, though with difficulty, to keep alive the notion that a great deal of severe manual work must be the lot of the average man. In Russia, owing to more economic justice and central control over production, the problem will have to be differently solved. The rational solution would be, as soon as the necessaries and elementary comforts can be provided for all, to reduce the hours of labor gradually, allowing a popular vote to decide, at each stage, whether more leisure or more goods were to be preferred. But, having taught the supreme virtue of hard work, it is difficult to see how the authorities can aim at a paradise in which there will be much leisure and little work. It seems more likely that they will find continually fresh schemes, by which present leisure is to be sacrificed to future productivity. I read recently of an ingenious plan put forward by Russian engineers, for making the White Sea and the northern coasts of Siberia warm, by putting a dam across the Kara Sea. An admirable project, but liable to postpone proletarian comfort for a generation, while the nobility of toil is being displayed amid the ice-fields and snowstorms of the Arctic Ocean. This sort of thing, if it happens, will be the result of regarding the virtue of hard work as an end in itself, rather than as a means to a state of affairs in which it is no longer needed. The fact is that moving matter about, while a certain amount of it is necessary to our existence, is emphatically not one of the ends of human life. If it were, we should have to consider every navvy superior to Shakespeare. We have been misled in this matter by two causes. One is the necessity of keeping the poor contented, which has led the rich, for thousands of years, to preach the dignity of labor, while taking care themselves to remain undignified in this respect. The other is the new pleasure in mechanism, which makes us delight in the astonishingly clever changes that we can produce on the earths surface. Neither of these motives makes any great appeal to the actual worker. If you ask him what he thinks the best part of his life, he is not likely to say: I enjoy manual work because it makes me feel that I am fulfilling mans noblest task, and because I like to think how much man can transform his planet. It is true that my body demands periods of rest, which I have to fill in as best I may, but I am never so happy as when the morning comes and I can return to the toil from which my contentment springs. I have never heard working men say this sort of thing. They consider work, as it should be considered, a necessary means to a livelihood, and it is from their leisure that they derive whatever happiness they may enjoy. It will be said that, while a little leisure is pleasant, men would not know how to fill their days if they had only four hours of work out of the twenty-four. In so far as this is true in the modern world, it is a condemnation of our civilization; it would not have been true at any earlier period. There was formerly a capacity for light-heartedness and play which has been to some extent inhibited by the cult of efficiency. The modern man thinks that everything ought to be done for the sake of something else, and never for its own sake. Serious-minded persons, for example, are continually condemning the habit of going to the cinema, and telling us that it leads the young into crime. But all the work that goes to producing a cinema is respectable, because it is work, and because it brings a money profit. The notion that the desirable activities are those that bring a profit has made everything topsy-turvy. The butcher who provides you with meat and the baker who provides you with brea d are praiseworthy, because they are making money; but when you enjoy the food they have provided, you are merely frivolous, unless you eat only to get strength for your work. Broadly speaking, it is held that getting money is good and spending money is bad. Seeing that they are two sides of one transaction, this is absurd; one might as well maintain that keys are good, but keyholes are bad. Whatever merit there may be in the production of goods must be entirely derivative from the advantage to be obtained by consuming them. The individual, in our society, works for profit; but the social purpose of his work lies in the consumption of what he produces. It is this divorce between the individual and the social purpose of production that makes it so difficult for men to think clearly in a world in which profit-making is the incentive to industry. We think too much of production, and too little of consumption. One result is that we attach too little importance to enjoyment and simple happiness, and that we do not judge production by the pleasure that it gives to the consumer. Concluded on page five Continued from page fourWhen I suggest that working hours should be reduced to four, I am not meaning to imply that all the remaining time should necessarily be spent in pure frivolity. I mean that four hours work a day should entitle a man to the necessities and elementary comforts of life, and that the rest of his time should be his to use as he might see fit. It is an essential part of any such social system that education should be carried further than it usually is at present, and should aim, in part, at providing tastes which would enable a man to use leisure intelligently. I am not thinking mainly of the sort of things that would be considered highbrow. Peasant dances have died out except in remote rural areas, but the impulses which caused them to be cultivated must still exist in human nature. The pleasures of urban populations have become mainly passive: seeing cinemas, watching football matches, listening to the radio, and so on. This results from the fact that their activ e energies are fully taken up with work; if they had more leisure, they would again enjoy pleasures in which they took an active part. In the past, there was a small leisure class and a larger working class. The leisure class enjoyed advantages for which there was no basis in social justice; this necessarily made it oppressive, limited its sympathies, and caused it to invent theories by which to justify its privileges. These facts greatly diminished its excellence, but in spite of this drawback it contributed nearly the whole of what we call civilization. It cultivated the arts and discovered the sciences; it wrote the books, invented the philosophies, and refined social relations. Even the liberation of the oppressed has usually been inaugurated from above. Without the leisure class, mankind would never have emerged from barbarism. The method of a leisure class without duties was, however, extraordinarily wasteful. None of the members of the class had to be taught to be industrious, and the class as a whole was not exceptionally intelligent. The class might produce one Darwin, but against him had to be set tens of thousands of country gentlemen who never thought of anything more intelligent than fox-hunting and punishing poachers. At present, the universities are supposed to provide, in a more systematic way, what the leisure class provided accidentally and as a by-product. This is a great improvement, but it has certain drawbacks. University life is so different from life in the world at large that men who live in academic milieu tend to be unaware of the preoccupations and problems of ordinary men and women; moreover their ways of expressing themselves are usually such as to rob their opinions of the influence that they ought to have upon the general public. Another disadvantage is that in universities studie s are organized, and the man who thinks of some original line of research is likely to be discouraged. Academic institutions, therefore, useful as they are, are not adequate guardians of the interests of civilization in a world where everyone outside their walls is too busy for unutilitarian pursuits. In a world where no one is compelled to work more than four hours a day, every person possessed of scientific curiosity will be able to indulge it, and every painter will be able to paint without starving, however excellent his pictures may be. Young writers will not be obliged to draw attention to themselves by sensational pot-boilers, with a view to acquiring the economic independence needed for monumental works, for which, when the time at last comes, they will have lost the taste and capacity. Men who, in their professional work, have become interested in some phase of economics or government, will be able to develop their ideas without the academic detachment that makes the work of university economists often seem lacking in reality. Medical men will have the time to learn about the progress of medicine, teachers will not be exasperatedly struggling to teach by routine methods things which they learnt in their youth, which may, in the interval, have been proved to be untrue. Above all, there will be happiness and joy of life, instead of frayed nerves, weariness, and dyspepsia. The work exacted will be enough to make leisure delightful, but not enough to produce exhaustion. Since men will not be tired in their spare time, they will not demand only such amusements as are passive and vapid. At least one per cent will probably devote the time not spent in professional work to pursuits of some public importance, and, since they will not depend upon these pursuits for their livelihood, their originality will be unhampered, and there will be no need to conform to the standards set by elderly pundits. But it is not only in these exceptional cases that the advantages of leisure will appear. Ordinary men and women, having the opportunity of a happy life, will become more kindly and less persecuting and less inclined to view others with suspicion. The taste for war will die out, partly for this reason, and partly because it will involve long and severe work for all . Good nature is, of all moral qualities, the one that the world needs most, and good nature is the result of ease and security, not of a life of arduous struggle. Modern methods of production have given us the possibility of ease and security for all; we have chosen, instead, to have overwork for some and starvation for others. Hitherto we have continued to be as energetic as we were before there were machines; in this we have been foolish, but there is no reason to go on being foolish forever. (1932)